Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series Volume 27

Despite compulsory unitisation provisions in many national petroleum laws, unilateral capture of oil and gas and#8211; which leads to oil allocation problems between two adjoining licensees that have a common petroleum reservoir and#8211; continues to occur worldwide. Neither legislation nor judge-made law has succeeded in preventing it or eliminating its negative effects. Indeed, attempts by regulators to enforce retroactive unitisation are often met with stiff opposition and even court action. In effect, there is no protection or secured property right to underground petroleum resources: the so-called and#8216;rule of captureand#8217; rewards those who diligently exploit othersand#8217; petroleum. Given todayand#8217;s massive technological innovation, continued adherence to this outmoded practice flies in the face of investorsand#8217; rights and the broader field of human rights.

Addressing comprehensively the persistence of the rule of capture in light of new technologies such as horizontal or directional well drilling and hydraulic fracturing, this first book of its kind sets forth the necessary theoretical framework to determine whether an investor or licensee has property rights to a discovered petroleum reservoir and is thus entitled to protection under investment treaties and international human rights instruments. Although the issues covered are global, the author focuses on oil and gas law and jurisprudence in six key jurisdictions: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Nigeria, and the Netherlands. Issues and topics covered include the following:

• legal issues of retroactivity of costs and production;

• legal implications of failure by the State to make unitisation order effective from date of first production;

• triggers for property rights in discovered petroleum reservoir;

• nature of landownerand#8217;s interest in oil and gas in situ;

• nature of lesseeand#8217;s interest created by oil and gas lease;

• labour theory as a basis for rule of capture;

• competitive drilling; and

• legal nature of the rights held by licensee in un-exploited petroleum reservoir.

Employing law as the main analytical tool, the book also draws on geology, reservoir engineering, and economic theories of property. The author develops a viable framework of protectable property rights in discovered petroleum reservoirs that will prevent unilateral capture and serve not only the public interest but also protect the interests of the licensees. He identifies the best standards and guidelines of the selected countries, and gives lawmakers, practitioners, and oil and gas executives a way to reconcile the interests of both the licensees and the State, to restore confidence and stimulate investments, and to enhance the security of a licenseeand#8217;s title.