Although employers are required to pay compensation for employee inventions under the laws in many countries, existing legal literature has never critically examined whether such compensation actually gives employee inventors an incentive to invent as the legislature intends. 



This book addresses the issue through reference to recent, large-scale surveys on the motivation of employee inventors (in Europe, the United States and Japan) and studies in social psychology and econometrics, arguing that the compensation is unlikely to boost the motivation, productivity and creativity of employee inventors, and thereby encourage the creation of inventions. It also discusses the ownership of inventions made by university researchers, giving due consideration to the need to ensure open science and their academic freedom. 



Challenging popular assumptions, this book provides a solution to a critical issue by arguing that compensation for employee inventions should not be made mandatory regardless of jurisdiction because there is no legitimate reason to require employers to pay it. This means that patent law does not need to give employee inventors an 'incentive to invent' separately from the 'incentive to innovate' which is already given to employers.

 

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

I. Background and Purpose of this Book 

II. Scope and Contents of the Book 



PART I

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND THE MOTIVATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATIVITY OF EMPLOYEE INVENTORS

2. Motivation of Employee Inventors and the Effect of Incentives on their Productivity 

I. Practice of Compensation to Employee Inventors 

II. The Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Criticism and its Usefulness 

III. Job Satisfaction and Motivation of Scientists and Engineers 

IV. Motivation to Invent: Evidence from PatVal-I/II and RIETI Surveys 

V. Financial Incentives and the Productivity of Employee Inventors 

3. Inventor Remuneration in the Organisational Context 

I. Serendipity and Corporate Hierarchy 

II. Teamwork in Inventing 

III. Individualism, Collectivism and the Effect of Inventor Remuneration 

4. Monetary Rewards and the Creativity of Employee Inventors 

I. Controversy over the Effect of Monetary Rewards 

II. General Discussion 

III. Analysis of Legal Schemes for Inventor Remuneration 

IV. Factors that Facilitate Workplace Creativity and Innovation 

V. Case Study: 3M

VI. Summary of Part I 



PART II

OWNERSHIP OF EMPLOYEE INVENTIONS AND THE VALIDITY OF THE INVENTOR PRINCIPLE

5. Legitimacy of Employer Ownership 

I. Rationale 

6. The United States 

I. Significance of the Patent and Copyright Clause: Adding the Fuel of Interest to the Fire of Genius 

II. The 'Hired to Invent' Rule 

III. The Shop Right Rule 

IV. Pre-invention Assignment Agreements

7. Other Common Law Countries 

I. England and Wales 

II. Australia, Canada and Other Common Law Jurisdictions 

8. Inventions Made by University Researchers 

I. The Victoria University of Technology and University of Western Australia Cases 

II. Open Science and the Issue of Patenting Academic Inventions

III. Ownership of Academic Inventions

9. Civil Law Countries 

I. Germany 

II. Japan 

III. Summary of Part II 

10. General Conclusion 

I. Summary of the Argument 

II. Policy Implications 

III. Theoretical Implications