Despite innovation to address ailing trust and rising inequalities, democratic reformers ignore the most common way that disaffected citizens encounter the state: in the frontline implementation of laws, policies, and services. Dominant thinking about democracy seemingly writes off these encounters as technocratic and apolitical, implicitly presenting citizens as 'meek' targets of state action. But ethnographic studies across health, education, planning, policing, and beyond reveal subtle forms of agency on the frontlines, as citizens evade, accommodate, or outwit authorities. What do these forms of agency entail, and what are the wider impacts for participation in democratic life?

This book takes up this challenge. The author explores subtle acts of navigation, negotiation, and defiance that citizens practice in their encounters with the state using the technique of meta-ethnography - an interpretive synthesis of rich qualitative evidence - to shed light on everyday forms of frontline agency. Boswell synthesises 174 ethnographic studies of encounters across police stations and prisons, border control facilities and immigration detention, welfare offices and doctors' surgeries, court houses and community centres, helplines and online portals. His analysis uncovers common repertoires through which citizens respond to top-down domination yet he finds that these responses - though understandable, savvy and resourceful in isolation - do not seamlessly underpin an infrastructure of deeper political engagement.

These insights revealed in the book reveal a hidden world of political participation, and they also highlight the dangers of romanticism, drawing attention to the need for productive ways of linking bottom-up agency to a wider infrastructure of political engagement.