At present, three international conventions (one of which has been modified by
many signatory states to produce a fourth regime), together with certain
pre-existing national regimes, provide this entitlement to limit most types of
private law liability arising in the ordinary course of the shipownerand#8217;s
activities. Limitation may be invoked by the shipowner in two principal ways:
by way of a defence, or by commencing a limitation action, which latter
normally involves constituting a limitation fund. Whether the shipowner should
take the initiative and start a limitation action, or whether he or she should
wait and use limitation as a defence, will depend on the choice of fora
available. Significant differences among jurisdictions inevitably give rise to
forum-shopping.

In the course of this bookand#8217;s practical explanation and discussion of
shipownersand#8217; rights to limit their liability, the authors consider how the
conflict of laws rules of various jurisdictions might be used by parties in
international commerce to raise the most advantageous defence or select the
most suitable tribunal to commence a limitation action. For each potentially
applicable limitation regime, the book identifies the amount to which
liability is limited and the tests that apply when a claimant wishes to
challenge a shipownerand#8217;s right to limit liability.

Among the issues brought to the fore are the following:

• 
  right to the lowest limit versus the strongest protection of the right to
  limit;
  


• 
  circumstances under which the ship against which the action is brought may be
  arrested and sold;
  


• 
  when the shipownerand#8217;s right to limit can be challenged and denied;
  


• 
  action in rem for collisions;
  


• 
  freezing injunctions; and ;
  


• 
  direct action against an insurer.
  

The book also discusses various specific liability regimes that address damage
suffered by passengers, damage to cargo interests, oil pollution damage from
tankers, damage from bunker oil from non tankers, and damage caused by
hazardous and noxious cargoes.

As an in-depth exploration and analysis of the differences between the various
limitation regimes that provide shipowners with a global entitlement to limit
liability and#8211; and the broader legal issues such limitation rights gives rise to
and#8211; this book will prove invaluable to any party involved in shipping disputes.
Lawyers representing either shipowners (and other parties with an interest in
the shipand#8217;s operations) or claimants will clearly identify the major issues
related to the selection of the appropriate forum for the limitation of
liability, including procedural details.